🇧🇴🌹 Bolivian Left wing Media, Kawsachun News on twitter:

— "🇺🇸🪖 US SOUTHCOM Commander Laura J. Richardson at a Security Forum held Aspen Institute*:

— "This region (South America) is so rich in resources.. it's off the charts rich."

"60% of the world's lithium is in the region; you have heavy crude, you have light sweet crude, you have rare earth elements, you have the Amazon...""

🔗 Kawsachun News (@KawsachunNews)

* The Aspen Institute is a US-based NGO focused on Central America, funded by Carnegie Corporation, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lumina Foundation & Ford Foundation, all US-based financial and "philanthropic" organizations

Global Lithium Deposit Map

- US SOUTHCOM Commander General Laura Richardson:
"60 percent of the world's lithium is in the Lithium Triangle: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile."

📎 PDF

🌎 The geological diversity of South America ensures the continent is relatively rich in mineral wealth, with some of the world's largest deposits of copper, bauxite, iron ore and nickel. The copper endowment of Chile is particularly notable, accounting for 35 per cent of global copper production.

https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/download/statistics/south_american_mineral_production_1997_2006.pdf

🌎 🔨LatAm in the world's race for lithium: Part 1. Resources

Chile, Argentina and Bolivia alone hold 2/3 of the world's lithium reserves. Will such an advantage help these three countries succeed in a world where demand for lithium is soaring?

🔻The 'Lithium Triangle'

The so-called 'lithium triangle' is an arid region with expansive salt flats, shared between Chile, Argentina and Bolivia. According to estimates, this region holds 54% of the world’s lithium resources. The lithium deposits are found underneath the salt flats (contrary to Australia, which mines directly from hard rock deposits).

Bolivia is home to 21 million tons of lithium, followed by Argentina with 19.3 million and Chile with 9.6 million. These numbers are still subject to change, as active exploration leads to an increase in known resources. Identified global lithium resources rose from 53 million tons in 2018 to 89 million tons in 2022, according to the USGS.

🔻Three countries - three approaches

🇨🇱 Chile has transformed the majority of its available resources into economically viable reserves available for commercial production. Having the lowest deposits (out of the three countries), it managed to become the world’s second-largest commercial producer after Australia. The Atacama salt flat has the highest-quality, proven reserves with a low cost of production.

Things might soon change, though, as the Chilean government announced in April it will nationalize the country's lithium, requiring the state to control 51% of future ventures. Foreign lithium miners, such as Chinese SQM now must renegotiate its contract under the new rules. The Chilean Copper Commission already warns Argentina might overtake Chile as the 2nd world lithium producer by 2035, as Chile's market share is expected to decline.

🇧🇴 Bolivia has struggled to transform its lithium resources into commercially viable reserves, due in large part to the poor investment climate and the country’s political instability. The country nationalized its lithium reserves back in 2008 and missed out on foreign investment opportunities in the following decade. Having recently signed deals with China and Russia, Bolivia hopes to quickly reach high production levels in the coming years.

🇦🇷 Argentina has created a more favorable investment climate, as it asks for only 3% royalty (lower than Chile, which imposes a progressive royalty that can reach up to 40%). Since 2020, over $4 billion in investments have been announced, with dozens of private sector projects now in the pipeline. Most of these investments come from Chinese companies.

The three countries are in talks about a possible regional alliance on lithium - "a kind of lithium OPEC," as Bolivian President Luis Arce puts it.

🔻North America

🇺🇸 North America is also rich in lithium. The U.S. ranks 4th in total resources (9,1 million tons), but the only active lithium mine is in the state of Nevada, producing just 1% of global lithium.

🇲🇽 Mexico, which also holds some lithium reserves, nationalized its lithium last year and has since announced that only joint ventures with majority state control could exploit the mineral. Those companies that started lithium exploration before the nationalization process began will be able to continue mining under the previous terms.

Despite holding the largest lithium reserves, Latin American countries are lagging behind when it comes to lithium production and processing. So, which countries are actually taking advantage of the growing lithium market?

🔻🔻🔻
Part 2

#analysis #LatAm #lithium #resources #Chile #Argentina #Bolivia #US #Mexico

☠️ Blood Meridian

🌎 🔨LatAm in the world's race for lithium: Part 2. Production

🔻Producers

🇦🇺 Australia leads in lithium production by a wide margin, having produced 61,000 tons last year. Australia's lithium production is expected to grow at a rate of 14.2 percent and reach 116,240 tons in 2026 as mines expand. Most of the country’s lithium supply is exported to China as spodumene.

🇨🇱 Chile, the world's second largest lithium producer (39,000 tons per year), focuses not so much on the domestic processing of lithium, but rather on exporting raw materials to, primarily, South Korea, Japan, China and the EU. The recent increase in exports from Chile has predominantly been associated with lithium carbonates, which are relatively unrefined.

🇨🇳 China comes in third, producing 19,000 tons per year. While production in China is comparatively low, China imports lithium in large quantities and dominates lithium refining and battery production.

🔻China's interest

China's rapid increase in the manufacturing of goods and components means that its demand for lithium is growing at 10% a year. China has over half of the world's lithium refining capacity but has to rely on imports for about two-thirds of the raw material.

Chinese companies are now increasing their investments in the "lithium triangle." China’s Ganfeng Lithium, for example, is the majority stakeholder in Argentina’s Caucharí-Olaroz operation.

Similarly, in Chile, China’s Tianqi Lithium became the second-largest shareholder in SQM, holding 23.8 percent of shares. The Chinese companies Ganfeng Lithium and Tianqi Lithium now represent two of the top three lithium mining companies in the world.

🔻EU investments

The EU has consistently shown interest in South American lithium. In January, Scholz toured Latin America, and lithium mining was not the last thing on the agenda. At the EU-CELAC summit, EU countries announced €45bn ($49,5bn) in investments in the region, some of which are aimed at resource extraction under the guise of green initiatives.

🔻Rare earth elements industry

The US and China have split roles in the rare earth elements (REE) market and have maintained them, at least until recently. China has been developing its own resources and buying cheap raw materials from other countries, Latin America included. China has taken a large share of the REE processing market and has established production of batteries and components needed for green industries, but has not fully engaged in high-tech manufacturing.

The US and other developed countries have taken over the production of the final high-tech products of the green industry. At the same time, the US did not prevent China from increasing its presence in Latin American countries and buying cheap raw materials, as it was beneficial to both countries.

Now the REE market is changing. The US and the EU are interested in negotiating cheap raw material supplies and investing in processing facilities in Latin America, not only to reduce dependence on China but also to get their share of profits.

China is trying to develop its own high-tech manufacturing. In many areas, China will have to start from scratch because developed countries are reluctant to share the technology.

🔻"Lithium triangle" role

In this context, the "lithium triangle" countries don't care who they sell their lithium to: China, the US or the EU. Argentina, Chile and Bolivia are trying to capitalize on the growth of the lithium industry and develop domestic industrial infrastructure. However, these countries will not be able to see the same profits as the developed countries that produce the final high-tech product.

At the same time, by allowing investors into their markets, these countries give up some control. It will be easier for investors to promote their interests and dictate their terms when countries such as Bolivia, Chile and Argentina depend on resource extraction for a significant part of their budget.

🔻🔻🔻
Part 1

#analysis #LatAm #lithium #resources #Chile #Argentina #Bolivia #US #China

☠️ Blood Meridian

🇨🇳 🇺🇸 🌎 Latin America Is Now China's 'Backyard' | Opinion
GORDON G. CHANG , AUTHOR, COMMENTATOR

⬛️ The People's Republic of China is moving into Latin America in force.

⬛️ Excluding Mexico, China is the region's largest trade partner. In 1981, Cuba was the only Latin American country trading more with China than the U.S.

⬛️ China's two-way trade with the region was $12 billion in 2000, the year before it joined the World Trade Organization. In 2021, two-way trade jumped a stunning 41% to $450 billion. The Atlantic Council projects China's trade with Latin America will exceed $700 billion in 2035.

⬛️ Thus, as big a presence as China now has in the region, expect it to become even larger. "America should brace for a significant expansion of Chinese influence in Latin America this year," Robert Evan Ellis, Latin America research professor of the U.S. Army War College, tells Newsweek.

Why?

⬛️ For one thing, as Peru's Julio Armando Guzman explains in Foreign Affairs, "the region is headed for an economic crisis that China is primed to exploit."

⬛️ In any event, Latin America is open to Chinese investment in light of the "Pink Wave," the election of "progressive" governments throughout the region.

⬛️ The tide began in Mexico in 2018 with the election of "AMLO," Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador. The wave continued with the return to power in Brazil, the region's most important state, of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. In between, seven other countries moved leftward, including long-time U.S. ally Colombia.

⬛️ And the "Pink Wave" is probably not over. This year and next, 11 more Latin American countries will hold presidential elections.

⬛️ "China does not overtly try to manipulate elections in Latin America like the Soviet Union did, but when populists come to power these days, Beijing takes advantage of the situation with commodity purchases and contracts structured to its benefit," Ellis told this publication. "Chinese money thus enables bad governance. Think of the Chinese as pay-day lenders."

⬛️ China has some 40 port projects in the region, including one on America's doorstep, Hutchison Whampoa's pier in Baja California.

🇺🇸 In times of war, these facilities could come in handy to, say, the People's Liberation Army. "I was just in Panama about a month ago and flying along the Panama Canal and looking at all the state-owned enterprises from [China]," said General Laura Richardson, head of the U.S. Southern Command, in July at the Aspen Security Forum. "They look like civilian companies or state-owned enterprises that could be used for dual use and could be quickly changed over to a military capability."

⬛️ "In wartime, or in the months before war, China may be able to use its economically based influence in Latin American capitals to induce the region to limit U.S. access to its ports and airspace, as well as to put U.S. deployment and sustainment flows and the U.S. homeland at risk," Ellis notes. "With China's commercial presence, there are also numerous ways the Chinese could shut down the Panama Canal."

⬛️ Now, China is also eyeing the ability to close off the Strait of Magellan, at the tip of South America. Beijing is trying to get approval to, in effect, establish a navy base in Tierra del Fuego in Argentina.

⬛️ How does China get the right to operate military bases in Latin America? Simple: Beijing is flashing cash, and Washington is not. It is but one manifestation of American neglect and the discarding of the Monroe Doctrine.

⬛️ Many call Latin America "America's backyard." Actually, it now looks like China's.

https://www.newsweek.com/latin-america-now-chinas-backyard-opinion-1775772